How Did the Colorado Wilderness End Up in Disney World

Colorado-based architect Peter Hoyt Dominick, Jr., FAIA became well-known for designing rustic buildings inspired by vernacular architecture of the American West. Although he designed hotels, office buildings, homes, and interiors throughout US, he may be best known as a Disney architect.   Dominicks massive and evocative Wilderness Lodge at Walt Disney World in Florida resembles an old wood-timber lodge. At the center is a vast lobby with six-story high log columns, enormous chandeliers topped with glowing teepees, two 55-foot hand carved totem poles, and an 82-foot-tall stone fireplace. The effect might be kitsch or comical if it werent so impressive—and so respectful of American history. Dominick drew his inspiration for the Disney Wilderness Lodge from several famous Western inns—the Old Faithful Inn at Yellowstone National Park, the Ahwahnee Hotel at Yosemite, Lake McDonald Lodge at Glacier National Park, and Timberline Lodge at Mount Hood, Oregon. Outside the Disney Wilderness Lodge, Dominick created a striking landscape with a steep waterfall cascading into a steaming geyser. Dominick, the son of Colorado Senator Peter H. Dominick (1915-1981), died at age 67, after a cross-country skiing excursion in Aspen, Colorado. Both he and his father died of heart attacks while in their 60s. Background: Born: June 9, 1941 in New York City. From age 5, raised in Colorado. Died: January 1, 2009 Education: St. Mark’s School in Framingham, Massachusetts1963: Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies, Yale University. Studied under architecture professor and historian Vincent Scully.1966:  University of Pennsylvania, studied with architect Louis Kahn 1966-1968: Traveled through the South Pacific, Asia, India, the Middle East and Africa1971: Master of Architecture, University of Pennsylvania Professional: 1971: Dominick Architects established1989: Merged with Urban Design Group1994: Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA)2003: 4240 Architecture established, combining the Denver and Chicago offices of the Urban Design Group, and named after the latitudes of both cities Selected Projects: 1982-2009: Involved in the redevelopment of Denvers Riverfront Park, reclaiming rail areas of the Central Platte River Valley, Colorado1990: Involved with the redevelopment of lower downtown (LoDo) Denver warehouse area, Colorado1994: Wilderness Lodge, Disney World, Orlando, Florida1998-2012: Revitalization of Vail, Colorado, including Lionshead Welcome and Transit Centers2000: Platte River Road Archway Monument, Kearney, Nebraska, a museum that is also a bridge across Interstate Highway 802001: Animal Kingdom Lodge, Disney World, Orlando, Florida2001: Disneys Grand Californian Hotel, Anaheim, California2008: Stowe Mountain Lodge Resort, Stowe, Vermont Tribute to Dominicks Design Philosophy: To Peter, regionalism was a universal concept available everywhere—enabling the firm to create places and spaces that harmonize with their particular site, community, use, and culture....Although much of Peter’s work entailed new structures, he focused equally on preservation, renovation, infill, and revitalization—a bona fide champion of the value in existing structures and urban fabric.—E. Randal Johnson, 4240 Principal Disney Years: No one was more surprised to work with the Walt Disney Company than Peter Dominick himself. During the Michael Eisner years of Disneys expansion, Dominick became what could only be described as one of the Chief Mousekitects at Disney. We poured a ton of energy into it  and found that a client like Disney had resources, questions, and demands that were bigger, deeper, and more thorough than we were used to on a smaller scale, Donimick told The Pennsylvania Gazette. I’ve never believed in a style at all; our work is about absorbing a philosophy and building something appropriate. Nevertheless, the Disney Company wanted Dominicks Colorado lodge style that today anyone can experience in Orlando, Florida—something appropriate for the Disney World theme park. Sources: Prominent Colorado Architect Dies Suddenly, New West, January 8, 2009 (content provided by Peter Dominick’s firm, 4240 Architecture); A Sense of Place by David Perrelli, The Pennsylvania Gazette, Last modified 08/31/06 [access October 11, 2016]

Narrative Interview The Global Economic Climate During...

Narrative interview assignment_45181403 For this in-depth interview, I have selected my father, James Trainor as the ideal candidate to provide a comprehensive recount of the global economic climate during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). And how his experiences of economic fluctuations and policies during the GFC changed his perspectives and understandings of macroeconomic decisions, as well as their effects on the modern world. At the time of the Global Financial Crisis, James was the Global Head of Employment Tax for the Macquarie Group, one of Australia’s largest investment banking institutions. Fortunately, James retained his position at Macquarie throughout the GFC. This allowed him to see first-hand the economic climate†¦show more content†¦Following the GFC, James learnt that economic fluctuations and circumstances can instantly change without warning. In addition, as a result of the GFC, James has become a more conservative consumer. This trend of streamlining spending is evident in the curr ent economic climate with low inflation in major global economies combined with low economic growth. James’s perspective of the GFC provided me with a greater understanding of the global economic climate and the unique attitudes and perceptions towards the Global Financial Crisis. During the interview, James stated that he was surprised to witness long-standing and well-established companies crushed by the financial and economic hardships of the recession. â€Å"The insolvency of Bear Sterns and Lehman Brothers came as a huge surprise to financial sector†. Said James. James also provided a detailed insight into why the United States and European markets were so affected by the GFC, and how their downturn rippled across the global economy. Due to the initial global economic downturn, Macquarie’s global investment was extensively reduced. At the time, Macquarie was heavily invested in foreign assets in the United States and Europe. As the GFC severely hit those economies, Macquarie’s profits and share prices fiercely dropped. As a result, James’s stock options which he had accumulated since his initial employment in 2003 became

Sure Thing Free Essays

â€Å"Sure Thing† response essay In David Ives’ play â€Å"Sure Thing,† the key and only characters are Bill and Betty. The two characters meet, by happenstance in a restaurant and the play unfolds from there with the punch line always being, â€Å"Sure thing†. The comedy is centered on a bell that one of the two characters ring when the exchange takes an unwanted twist; the bell signifies that the question asked or conversation being held begins anew with a different outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Sure Thing or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the bell ringing, it is almost as if the characters get to do an instant replay, while editing, to bring about a different outcome, a cinematic mulligan, so to speak. The outcome, is that of the two saying and doing, all the right things at the right time and an implied happily ever after ending, How much easier life would be if you could just call â€Å"cut† or a little bell would ding every time you said or did something incorrectly. â€Å"Sure thing† is very similar to a commercial that is airing currently for the Nissan Altima. In the commercial every time the character does something incorrectly, a horn beeps to let him know that a mistake has been or is being made. I think all of us could use something like that at times. Unfortunately, we do not get that liberty, and are forced to live with our choices and decisions whether good, bad, or indifferent. I have personally made bad decisions, for instance, I once used the wrong weed killer on my grass and killed my entire lawn, how helpful a horn or bell would have been then. The line that stood out to me the most in the play was â€Å"Is this chair taken? † It is kind of an odd and rhetorical way to open a conversation, don’t you think? Clearly, Bill can see that no one is sitting in the chair yet he still asks the question. Sometimes people use a roundabout way to get where they are trying to go. For instance, Bill could have just as easily asked, if Betty minded if he sat there, and left it up to Betty to elaborate on the outcome. She then could have said yes, no, I am sorry someone is already sitting there, or whatever response she chose. To me it seems like a waste of time to ask a question if you already know the answer, or if you know that you will have to ask another question because of how you worded your first statement or question. Some people will argue that these rhetorical questions or statements are conversation starter. I would have to disagree with them. I am a firm believer in; just say what you are really trying to say. As you can see from the play when you try an around about method, it leaves too much room for interpretation and error. Had Bill just asked Betty â€Å"Would you mind if I sit here? † the possibility of a â€Å"Sure Thing† would have been much greater. How to cite Sure Thing, Essay examples

Problem Formulation Research free essay sample

This paper will cover GPS Monitoring in Pinellas County for sex offenders. During the summer of 2006 election was heating up in reference to sex offenders and monitoring GPS devices. Proposition 83, called for Jessica’s Law was on the California ballot. The reason for this proposition was to have all sex offenders wear this device and be monitored at all times. Other states wanted this proposition to pass so it could be enforce in their state. During the 2006 election proposition 83 received a lot of attention throughout the state for Jessica’s Law. In this section I will identify the purpose of the research study, the research problem if any, and the research questions. The crime analyst of San Diego Julie Wartell was asked to conduct this research and conduct a variety of maps and analyses to show policymakers, law enforcement, community organizations a clear understanding of Jessica’s Law. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Formulation Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This research of the geographic information system (GIS) was able to provide a percentage of registered sex offenders who were living in areas of concern of Jessica’s Law. There have been many jurisdictions across the country that has been using the geographic information system. The purpose for this research was to advise the communities how restriction will affect recidivism. The analyst of Jessica’s Law provided information on location availability for sex offender residency if this law passed. This analyst was conducted to educate the San Diego community and law enforcement to show o possible problems that the city may face. The maps were provided after the analyst was done to show the areas that could and could not be available for sex offenders. The study was provided to illustrate how using mapping and spatial analysis can help. This information gives us the ability to understand the effects of sex offender’s residency restriction. Describe the theoretical concept The concept was to provide a clear understanding on how the Jessica’s Law can work and provide information on where sex offenders are living and where they can’t live. With the information provided with the analysis it shows restriction on how the sex offenders being monitored with a device can be tracked at all times. The GIS and global positioning system can identify potential housing locations and analyze sex offenders. Identify an operational definition used by the research When monitoring sex offender’s law enforcement use an enormous amount of spatial information. This data becomes overwhelming and it can be a challenge to determine which locations is more important to cover than others. The data provides analysis needed for tracking where the offenders are provides tracking information from up to a querying 4 hours for a single parolee will yield approximately 240 GPS coordinates and the device can take up to 15 minutes to track the query. Could the research problem, questions, and theoretical concepts have been formulated differently or improved? The research provided for the analysis and the concept behind the issues was formulated to understand how the Jessica’s Law would work. There were some minor issues that could have been done differently such as monitoring the GPS tracker in all areas of San Diego County. There were some areas that the tracker was not able to provide a trace on a sex offender if he lived in an area where he could not be monitored. This would be an advantage for the registered sex offender. The research program could have implemented experimental functions or evaluations on the monitoring system. The analysis formulated the risk factors contributing to the recidivism of Sex Offenders. The analyses are factors that were stable risk factors were also acute risk predictors. The information provided along with the analysis and the approval from the proposition was done without failure. The theoretical concept was formulated to understand. These factors are also labeled and sex offender’s recidivism is associated with a number of static and dynamic factors. The GPS tracking system does have a disadvantage only when the areas in San Diego could not be monitored. If a sex offender wanted to live in an area where he or she could not be monitored with the GPS system then the likelihood of the offender being involved in child abductions is high. The only issue that could be solved is not let the offender dictate where they want to live. The monitoring device will dictate the areas where the offenders can be monitored. Conclusion The information that was provided for GPS monitoring was a benefit for states to adopt. The Jessica’s Law will have protection for other kids. The sex offenders who have been convicted for the crimes they have done will now be monitored at all times. This proposition was important and should be enforced around the state. During the analysis for the GPS monitoring device it showed how many states wanted the proposition to pass during the 2006 election.

The Clown Of 12Th Night, Feste Essay Example For Students

The Clown Of 12Th Night, Feste Essay In William Shakespeares Twelfth Night, the character Feste is what you might call a clown. In the script he is sometimes called the Fool, and he may present himself as that. He is the comic relief for the serious scenes, although sometimes he will provide the serious subject matter himself. Feste also seems to somewhat all-knowing. He knew when no one else did that Cesario was a woman. All together, Feste seems to not be intertwined in the story too much, but rather and outsider who observes and makes random appearances when necessary. Feste seems to be a regular fixture in Olivias household. It seems like he has been there a long time and is accepted almost as one of the family. He is welcome with the servants and interacts with them often. Although Feste presents himself as a fool with no problems, you can be sure he is a whole person, who has experienced lifes joys and hardships. For example, in the scene of late night drinking, dancing and singing, Feste sings a song of a woman waiting for her love. He sings it with such passion and feeling, you cant help but think he has been there before. He also has a quick wit and a good sense of humor. Later on in the scene already mentioned, Feste is playing a song on the piano, when suddenly, Malvolio enters. Feste immediately stops playing the song and plays a pompous introduction for Malvolio. Also, when Cesario asks of Feste, Do you live by your music? Feste replies, No, I live by the church. These are just a few examples of the ways Feste exhibits humanity. We will write a custom essay on The Clown Of 12Th Night, Feste specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The character of Feste is thought of as a fool whose attitude is playful and comical. If I were casting this play, I would probably cast Robin Williams as Feste because I think that is the person to best personify him. They both have and attitude that is very joking and light-hearted. If I were costuming Feste, I would probably put him in bright colors to match his bright demeanor. His clothing would be baggy and tattered. I think Festes actions would be very large and exaggerated. The character Feste in Twelfth Night is very funny and whimsical and attracts a lot of attention. He is farcical and very amusing. The fool is a comic relief that really adds to the play. When William Shakespeare wrote this part in the play he added a whole other dimension that was needed to complete the story. Shakespeare Essays

Law of Acceleration Essays

Law of Acceleration Essays Law of Acceleration Essay Law of Acceleration Essay Images are not arguments, rarely even lead to proof, but the mind craves them, and, of late more than ever, the keenest experimenters find twenty images better than one, especially if contradictory; since the human mind has already learned to deal in contradictions. The image needed here is that of a new center, or preponderating mass, artificially introduced on earth in the midst of a system of attractive forces that previously made their own quilibrium, and constantly induced to accelerate its motion till it shall establish a new equilibrium. A dynamic theory would begin by assuming that all history, terrestrial or cosmic, mechanical or intellectual, would be reducible to this formula if we knew the facts. For convenience, the most familiar image should come first; and this is probably that of the comet, or meteoric streams, like the Leonids and Perseids; a complex of minute mechanical agencies, reacting within and without, and guided by the sum of forces at tracting or deflecting it.Nothing forbids one to assume that the man-meteorite might grow, as an acorn does, absorbing light, heat, electricity,or thought; for, in recent times, such transference of energy has become a familiar idea; but the simplest figure, at first, is that of a perfect comet,say that of 1843,which drops from space, in a straight line, at the regular acceleration of speed, directly into the sun, and after wheeling sharply about it, in heat that ought to dissipate any known substance, turns back unharmed, in defiance of law, by the path on which it came.The mind, by analogy, may figure as such a comet, the better because it also defies law. Motion is the ultimate object of science, and measures of motion are many; but with thought as with matter, the true measure is mass in its astronomic sense- the sum or difference of attractive forces. Science has quite enough trouble in measuring its material motions without volunteering help to the historian, but the historian needs not much help to measure some kinds of social movement; and especially in the nineteenth century, society by common accord agreed in measuring its progress by the coal-output.The ratio of increase in the volume of coal-power may serve as dynamometer. The coal-output of the world, speaking roughly, doubled every ten years between 1840 and 1900, in the form of utilized power, for the ton of coal yielded three or four times as much power in 1900 as in 1840. Rapid as this rate of acceleration in volume seems, it may be tested in a thousand ways without greatly reducing it.Perhaps the ocean steamer is nearest unity and easiest to measure, for any one might hire, in 1905, for a small sum of money, the use of 30,000 steam-horse-power to cross the ocean, and by halving this figure every ten years, he got back to 234 horse-power for 1835, which was accuracy enough for his purposes. In truth, his chief trouble came not from the ratio in volume of heat, but from the intensity, since he could get no basis for a ratio there.All ages of history have known high intensities, like the iron-furnace, the burning-glass, the blow-pipe; but no society has ever used high intensities on any large scale till now, nor can a mere bystander decide what range of temperature is now in common use. Loosely guessing that science controls habitually the whole range from absolute zero to 3000 ° Centigrade, one might assume, for convenience, that the ten-year ratio for volume could be used temporarily for intensity; and still there remained a ratio to be guessed for other forces than heat.Since 1800 scores of new forces had been discovered; old forces had been raised to higher powers, as could be measured in the navy-gun; great regions of chemistry had been opened up, and connected with other regions of physics. Within ten years a new universe of force had been revealed in radiation. Complexity had extended itself on immense horizons, and arithmetical ratios were useless for any attempt at accuracy. The force evolved seemed more like explosion than gravitation, and followed closely the curve of steam; but, at all events, the ten-year ratio seemed carefully conservative.Unless the calculator was prepared to be instantly overwhelmed by physical force and mental complexity, he must stop there. Thus, taking the year 1900 as the starting point for carrying back the series, nothing was easier than to assume a ten-year period of retardation as far back as 1820, but beyond that point the statistician failed, and only the mathematician could help. Laplace would have found it child’s-play to fix a ratio of progression in mathematical science between Descartes, Leibnitz, Newton, and himself. Watt could have given in pounds the increase of power between Newcomen’s engines and his own.Volta and Benjamin Franklin would have stated their progress as absolute creation of power. Dalton could have measured minutely his advance on Boerhave. Napoleon I must have had a d istinct notion of his own numerical relation to Louis XIV. No one in 1789 doubted the progress of force, least of all those who were to lose their heads by it. Pending agreement between these authorities, theory may assume what it likes- say a fifty, or even a five-and-twenty-year period of reduplication for the eighteenth century, for the period matters little until the acceleration itself is admitted.The subject is even more amusing in the seventeenth than in the eighteenth century, because Galileo and Kepler, Descartes, Huygens, and Isaac Newton took vast pains to fix the laws of acceleration for moving bodies, while Lord Bacon and William Harvey were content with showing experimentally the fact of acceleration in knowledge; but from their combined results a historian might be tempted to maintain a similar rate of movement back to 1600, subject to correction from the historians of mathematics. The mathematicians might carry their calculations back as far as the fourteenth century when algebra seems to have become for the first time the tandard measure of mechanical progress in western Europe; for not only Copernicus and Tycho Brahe, but even artists like Leonardo, Michael Angelo, and Albert Durer worked by mathematical processes, and their testimony would probably give results more exact than that of Montaigne or Shakespeare; but, to save trouble, one might tentatively carry back the same ratio of acceleration, or retardation, to the year 1400, with the help of Columbus and Gutenberg, so taking a uniform rate during the whole four centuries (1400–1800), and leaving to statisticians the task of correcting it.Or better, one might, for convenience, use the formula of squares to serve for a law of mind. Any other formula would do as well, either of chemical explosion, or electrolysis, or vegetable growth, or of expansion or contraction in innumerable forms; but this happens to be simple and convenient. Its force increases in the direct ratio of its squar es. As the human meteoroid approached the sun or center of attractive force, the attraction of one century squared itself to give the measure of attraction in the next.Behind the year 1400, the process certainly went on, but the progress became so slight as to be hardly measurable. What was gained in the east or elsewhere, cannot be known; but forces, called loosely Greek fire and gunpowder, came into use in the west in the thirteenth century, as well as instruments like the compass, the blow-pipe, clocks and spectacles, and materials like paper; Arabic notation and algebra were introduced, while metaphysics and theology acted as violent stimulants to mind. An architect might detect a sequence between the Church of St.Peter’s at Rome, the Amiens Cathedral, the Duomo at Pisa, San Marco at Venice, Sancta Sofia at Constantinople and the churches at Ravenna. All the historian dares affirm is that a sequence is manifestly there, and he has a right to carry back his ratio, to repre sent the fact, without assuming its numerical correctness. On the human mind as a moving body, the break in acceleration in the middle-ages is only apparent; the attraction worked through shifting forms of force, as the sun works by light or heat, electricity, gravitation, or what not, on different organs with different sensibilities, but with invariable law.The science of prehistoric man has no value except to prove that the law went back into indefinite antiquity. A stone arrowhead is as convincing as a steam-engine. The values were as clear a hundred thousand years ago as now, and extended equally over the whole world. The motion at last became infinitely slight, but cannot be proved to have stopped. The motion of Newton’s comet at aphelion may be equally slight. To evolutionists may be left the processes of evolution; to historians the single interest is the law of reaction between force and force,between mind and nature,the law of progress.The great division of history i nto phases by Turgot and Comte first affirmed this law in its outlines by asserting the unity of progress, for a mere phase interrupts no growth, and nature shows innumerable such phases. The development of coal-power in the nineteenth century furnished the first means of assigning closer values to the elements; and the appearance of supersensual forces towards 1900 made this calculation a pressing necessity; since the next step became infinitely serious.A law of acceleration, definite and constant as any law of mechanics, cannot be supposed to relax its energy to suit the convenience of man. No one is likely to suggest a theory that man’s convenience had been consulted by Nature at any time, or that Nature has consulted the convenience of any of her creations, except perhaps the Terebratula. In every age man has bitterly and justly complained that Nature hurried and hustled him, for inertia almost invariably has ended in tragedy. Resistance is its law, and resistance to supe rior mass is futile and fatal.Fifty years ago, science took for granted that the rate of acceleration could not last. The world forgets quickly, but even today the habit remains of founding statistics on the faith that consumption will continue nearly stationary. Two generations, with John Stuart Mill, talked of this stationary period, which was to follow the explosion of new power. All the men who were elderly in the forties died in this faith, and other men grew old nursing the same conviction, and happy in it; while science, for fifty ears, permitted, or encouraged, society to think that force would prove to be limited in supply. This mental inertia of science lasted through the eighties before showing signs of breaking up; and nothing short of radium fairly wakened men to the fact, long since evident, that force was inexhaustible. Even then the scientific authorities vehemently resisted. Nothing so revolutionary had happened since the year 300. Thought had more than once been up set, but never caught and whirled about in the vortex of infinite forces.Power leaped from every atom, and enough of it to supply the stellar universe showed itself running to waste at every pore of matter. Man could no longer hold it off. Forces grasped his wrists and flung him about as though he had hold of a live wire or a runaway automobile; which was very nearly the exact truth for the purposes of an elderly and timid single gentleman in Paris, who never drove down the Champs Elysees without expecting an accident, and commonly witnessing one; or found himself in the neighborhood of an official without calculating the chances of a bomb.So long as the rates of progress held good, these bombs would double in force and number every ten years. Impossibilities no longer stood in the way. One’s life had fattened on impossibilities. Before the boy was six years old, he had seen four impossibilities made actual,the ocean-steamer, the railway, the electric telegraph, and the Dague rreotype; nor could he ever learn which of the four had most hurried others to come. He had seen the coal-output of the United States grow from nothing to three hundred million tons or more.What was far more serious, he had seen the number of minds, engaged in pursuing forcethe truest measure of its attractionincrease from a few scores or hundreds, in 1838, to many thousands in 1905, trained to sharpness never before reached, and armed with instruments amounting to new senses of indefinite power and accuracy, while they chased force into hiding-places where Nature herself had never known it to be, making analyses that contradicted being, and syntheses that endangered the elements.No one could say that the social mind now failed to respond to new force, even when the new force annoyed it horribly. Every day Nature violently revolted, causing so-called accidents with enormous destruction of property and life, while plainly laughing at man, who helplessly groaned and shrieked and shudd ered, but never for a single instant could stop. The railways alone approached the carnage of war; automobiles and fire-arms ravaged society, until an earthquake became almost a nervous relaxation.An immense volume of force had detached itself from the unknown universe of energy, while still vaster reservoirs, supposed to be infinite, steadily revealed themselves, attracting mankind with more compulsive course than all the Pontic Seas or Gods or Gold that ever existed, and feeling still less of retiring ebb. In 1850, science would have smiled at such a romance as this, but, in 1900, as far as history could learn, few men of science thought it a laughing matter. If a perplexed but laborious follower could venture to guess their drift, it seemed in their minds a toss-up between anarchy and order.Unless they should be more honest with themselves in the future than ever they were in the past, they would be more astonished than their followers when they reached the end. If Karl Pearsonâ €™s notions of the universe were sound, men like Galileo, Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton should have stopped the progress of science before 1700, supposing them to have been honest in the religious convictions they expressed. In 1900 they were plainly forced back on faith in a unity unproved and an order they had themselves disproved.They had reduced their universe to a series of relations to themselves. They had reduced themselves to motion in a universe of motions, with an acceleration, in their own case of vertiginous violence. With the correctness of their science, history had no right to meddle, since their science now lay in a plane where scarcely one or two hundred minds in the world could follow its mathematical processes; but bombs educate vigorously, and even wireless telegraphy or airships might require the reconstruction of society.If any analogy whatever existed between the human mind, on one side, and the laws of motion, on the other, the mind had already entered a field of attraction so violent that it must immediately pass beyond, into new equilibrium, like the Comet of Newton, to suffer dissipation altogether, like meteoroids in the earth’s atmosphere. If it behaved like an explosive, it must rapidly recover equilibrium; if it behaved like a vegetable, it must reach its limits of growth; and even if it acted like the earlier creations of energy,the Saurians and Sharks,it must have nearly reached the limits of its expansion.If science were to go on doubling or quadrupling its complexities every ten years, even mathematics would soon succumb. An average mind had succumbed already in 1850; it could no longer understand the problem in 1900. Fortunately, a student of history had no responsibility for the problem; he took it as science gave it, and waited only to be taught. With science or with society, he had no quarrel and claimed no share of authority. He had never been able to acquire knowledge, still less to impart it; and if he had , at times, felt serious differences with the American of the nineteenth century, he felt none with the American of the twentieth.For this new creation, born since 1900, a historian asked no longer to be teacher or even friend; he asked only to be a pupil, and promised to be docile, for once, even though trodden under foot; for he could see that the new American,the child of incalculable coal-power, chemical power, electric power, and radiating energy, as well as of new forces yet undetermined,must be a sort of God compared with any former creation of nature. At the rate of progress since 1800, every American who lived into the year 2000 would know how to control unlimited power.He would think in complexities unimaginable to an earlier mind. He would deal with problems altogether beyond the range of earlier society. To him the nineteenth century would stand on the same plane with the fourth,equally childlike,and he would only wonder how both of them, knowing so little, and so weak i n force, should have done so much. Perhaps even he might go back, in 1964, to sit with Gibbon on the steps of Ara Coeli. Meanwhile he was getting education. With that, a teacher who had failed to educate even the generation of 1870, dared not interfere.The new forces would educate. History saw few lessons in the past that would be useful in the future; but one, at least, it did see. The attempt of the American of 1800 to educate the American of 1900 had not often been surpassed for folly; and since 1800 the forces and their complications had increased a thousand times or more. The attempt of the American of 1900 to educate the American of 2000, must be even blinder than that of the Congressman of 1800, except so far as he had learned his ignorance. During a million or two of years, very generation in turn had toiled with endless agony to attain and apply power, all the while betraying the deepest alarm and horror at the power they created. The teacher of 1900, if foolhardy, might st imulate; if foolish, might resist; if intelligent, might balance, as wise and foolish have often tried to do from the beginning; but the forces would continue to educate, and the mind would continue to react. All the teacher could hope was to teach it reaction. Even there his difficulty was extreme. The most elementary books of science betrayed the inadequacy of old implements of thought.Chapter after chapter closed with phrases such as one never met in older literature:The cause of this phenomenon is not understood; science no longer ventures to explain causes; the first step towards a causal explanation still remains to be taken; opinions are very much divided; in spite of the contradictions involved; science gets on only by adopting different theories, sometimes contradictory. Evidently the new American would need to think in contradictions, and instead of Kant’s famous four antinomies, the new universe would know no law that could not be proved by its anti-law.To educate oneself to begin withhad been the effort of one’s life for sixty years; and the difficulties of education had gone on doubling with the coal output, until the prospect of waiting another ten years, in order to face a seventh doubling of complexities, allured one’s imagination but slightly. The law of acceleration was definite, and did not require ten years more study except to show whether it held good. No scheme could be suggested to the new American, and no fault needed to be found, or complaint made; but the next great influx of new forces seemed near at hand, and its style of education promised to be violently coercive.The movement from unity into multiplicity, between 1200 and 1900, was unbroken in sequence, and rapid in acceleration. Prolonged one generation longer, it would require a new social mind. As though thought were common salt in indefinite solution it must enter a new phase subject to new laws. Thus far, since five or ten thousand years, the mind had su ccessfully reacted, and nothing yet proved that it would fail to react,but it would need to jump. The Education of Henry Adams  was published in 1907. A Centennial Version, edited by Edward Chalfant and Conrad Edick Wright, was published by the Massachusetts Historical Society in January 2007.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

International Relations - Essay Example After the disintegration of the Soviet Union that led to the end of the Cold War, there was a general perception that the world had turned into a unipolar one on the political front, with America being the sole country that had the power to influence decisions by arm-twisting other countries into agreeing with it. However, while America and the Soviet Union were busy in propaganda and other activities of the Cold War, several countries which had been devastated by the Second World War or had acquired freedom from their colonial oppressors, were in the process of rebuilding their state. This has resulted in a situation where the world today has a number of important and powerful countries that have the military and economic might that enable them to be significant players in any process of decision-making in the world. The presence of various formations of countries such as SAARC, BRICS and others represent a shift from the political scene that was dominated by the NATO, which was dom inated by the USA. In the recent past, the summits that these formations conduct have attracted considerable attention from the world media that has recognized the shifts that the world has undergone, from bipolarity to unipolarity to the present situation which is of a multipolar world. This shift has also found expression in the increasing power that the G- 20 has acquired in determining the affairs of the world, as opposed to the earlier situation where the USA-dominated G-8 was more powerful in deciding on major issues that the international community was called on to look at. The growing power that has been exhibited by countries like China and India is also something that proves the multipolar nature of the world at this point of time. These two countries have both economic and military resources. China’s military might has been seen as a threat to the might of the USA. With huge populations, both these countries have armies that are large in number and with the steady improvement in the research capabilities of both these countries, the quality of their military is also not in question. Concerted and far-sighted plans that the governments of these countries had laid down for themselves have been rewarded with the military might that they enjoy today. Apart from this, both these countries also possess rates of economic growth that are staggering. China has maintained a rate of ten percent in its economic growth in the past decade, while India has been right behind them. In fact, China has overtaken Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. The social policies that these two countries have adopted are such that they would provide results only in the long run, since both of them have to deal with the difficulties of post-coloniality and damage to the local economy as a result of the Second World War. Another proof of the fact that we live in a multipolar world is the existence of the United Nations and its very structure, where the vo tes of a majority of the nations that are a part of it are required to push reforms through and take major decisions. The members of the permanent Security Council have the power to veto proposals that are brought to the notice of the Security Council. This creates a situation wherein a certain amount of power is invested in the hands of different powers of the world, thereby ensuring mutipolarity. The clamor that various countries such as Germany, South

How Willy Loman (and Biff) Challenge Traditional Notions of Tragedy in Essay

How Willy Loman (and Biff) Challenge Traditional Notions of Tragedy in Miller's 'Death of a Salesman' - Essay Example All these aspects turn his life upside down, making the play a tragedy – a conflict not only in the mind of Willy Loman, but also his son Biff, who seeks to find a solution for the turmoil of thoughts that waft past his mind like a raging sea. The play seeks to portray two different American dreams – one where wealth and success are the answer to a happy life, and the other where happiness is the answer to a successful and wealthy lifestyle; both taking place within the same household. However, the play is different from the traditional notions of tragedy; instead of simply being a story where the protagonist fails in life, suffers extreme sorrow because of the inability to cope with a stressful situation, it is a painful story about the relationship between a father and a son and how one’s tragedy becomes the other’s awakening to a better life. Willy Loman is an old man and over the course of time, he faces the delusion of being able to achieve the Americ an dream of simple success by his sales business. He is desperate for his sons to triumph in what he always wanted to and could not and that can also be witnessed in the manner in which he killed himself, leaving behind a handsome inheritance with which Biff could follow in his father’s wake. ... Willy, on the other hand, was stuck in the labyrinth of life with no desire within himself to find a way out. Many critics write that his surname Loman is actually a pun on the word ‘low-man’ or the low self-esteem that he had for himself considering that he never felt happy about himself or his life. It is pertinent to note that no tragic hero puts himself in the situation knowingly; even if he does so, he always tries to find a way out of the mess that he has created for himself. Willy on the other hand, had no will within him to get out of what he had fallen into. He was lying entrapped within a web of his own lies and delusions that he was not willing to give up on; perhaps life to him was a mere step away from achieving the American dream and he blamed the same on the time and place that he was in life at the time, and thus wanted his sons to carry his name forward by finishing what he had started. However, by thinking about such propaganda all day, he often forgot to understand the turmoil of emotion that his family was undergoing; the love and affection that they had for him and the mental support that they provided him with. When his son Ben states â€Å"The jungle is dark, but full of diamonds,† (Miller, Arthur) a metaphor is presented on the death that the salesman took upon himself. Willy’s act of committing suicide was rough like a diamond and he means to say that Willy represents every other salesman in the country trying to realize his dream without understanding the dangers that were obstructing him from doing so, and all of them together make up the entire concrete and commercial jungle where they are trying their best to understand their material capacities. The only place where

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience Assignment

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience - Assignment Example Having learned in class that this is the most important part in pharmacy work, I approached it with some fear and apprehension. The Manager, Cashier Meg and the other Staff were very encouraging, comforting and supportive. As I obtained the prescription and confronted the computer, I was relieved to know that the NexGen Computer System was easy to use. I went through the entire process of the Data Base Searching- Name of the Patient, Prescriber Search, Medication Search; clicking the appropriate information; and finally, printing the label. Determining the appropriate information and clicking it became easy because of my prior knowledge of medical terminologies, an exposure gained from POP 1-3 Classes; and, Methodologies in Patient Communication and Information Data Collection, as discussed in POP 6 Class. The handouts or materials distributed in POP 6 Class on the Legal Requirements of Prescription, Profile and Label; Ohio State Manner of Issuance of a Prescription; and, Labeling of Drugs Dispensed on Prescription really was a great help. The use of the computer and a computer system made the entire process very easy, fast and fun. The least enjoyable and most boring part of the Internship was the re-counting of tablets or pills, bagging, shelving and doing the inventory. I kept on thinking that I can do other things that were more important. Now, looking back I realize that I was doing an important task. I was being part of the team. If I didn’t do the work well, the pharmacy would suffer. I also realized that the tasks of making the inventory; and, shelving or returning medicine bottles to its proper shelves was only boring because I was already familiar with the generic and brand names. Knowledge I learned through the Listing of the Top Medicines distributed in Classes of POP 4-6. As to the re-counting of controlled medications before bagging; I had no difficulty identifying the controlled medications as I

Peter Eisenmans Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe

Peter Eisenmans Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Throughout history, nations have sought to exhibit social memory of their past achievements whilst conversely erasing the memory of transgressions committed during their development. These nostalgic reflections of historic events have been both literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic monuments, which carefully edify the events into clear depictions of state victory and triumph. However, shifts in the discourse of twentieth-century politics have given rise to the voice of the victim within these stories. The traditional nation-state is now answerable to an international community rather than itself; a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and upholds moral conditions. These states continue to construct an identity both in the past and present, but are expected to acknowledge their own exclusions and accept culpability for their previous victimisations. In this new climate the traditional memorial does not become obsolete, but instead evolves beyond a celebratory monument, increasingly referencing the states transgressions and role as perpetrator. This progressive switch in attitude has given birth to a new form of memorial: the anti-monument. These contemporary memorials abandon figurative forms in preference of abstraction. This medium facilitates a dialogical relationship between viewer and subject whilst also promoting ambivalence. Critically, this new typology allows the narrative of the victim and perpetrator to intertwine into a single united form, a so-called move towards political restitution. This essay analyses the tradition and characteristics of historic monuments and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay studies and questions abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, using Peter Eisenmans Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite its achievement as a piece public art, fundamentally, it fails to perform its function of commemoration through its abstracted, ambiguous form. Traditional monuments use figurative imagery to form an intuitive connection to the viewer. They use language and iconography to present the onlooker with the states idealised perception of a significant event in history. Throughout time, these monuments have often outlasted the civilizations or political regimes who constructed them and as a result their unchallenged specific narrative becomes definitive; all memory of an alternative narrative is lost with the passing of witnesses who could recall the actual events. This has the negative consequence of alleviating the present-day visitor of responsibility for the past and fails to accommodate the constantly changing and varied perspective of the viewer. In this respect, the permanence of the traditional monument presents an unchallengeable story which becomes an active presence to the visitor, who is always the receptive element. However, events of the twentieth century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrocity of the Holocaust altered commemorate practice. Memorials were no longer militaristic and celebratory but instead acknowledged the crimes of the state against civilians. Designers were faced with the innumerable challenge of memorialising the most quintessential example of mans inhumanity to man the Holocaust. An event so catastrophic it prevented any attempt to singularly record the individual victim. The new typology that emerged would later be defined as the antimonument. The anti-monument aimed to dispel previous memorial convention by favoring a dialogical form over the traditional didactic monument. This new memorial typology avoided literal representation through figurative expression and written word in favor of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the viewer to now become the active element and the monument to become the receptive element; a role-reversal that allowed the visitor to bring their own interpretation to the memorial. James E Young commented that the aim of these memorials: is not to console but to provoke; not to remain fixed but to change; not to be everlasting but to disappear; not to be ignored by passersby but to demand interaction; not to remain pristine but to invite its own violation and desanctification; not to accept graciously the burden of memory but to throw it back at the towns feet. In this way, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument acts receptively to history, time and memory. He also states: Given the inevitable variety of competing memories, we may never actually share a common memory at these sites but only the common place of memory, where each of us is invited to remember in our own way. The anti-monument facilitates the ongoing activity of memory and allows the visitor to respond to the current sufferings of today in light of a remembered past. It is this point that fundamentally determines the important and necessary dialogical character of all modern Holocaust memorials. Consequently, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a resolution to erect a memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe. This memorial intended to honour the murdered victims and keep alive the memory of these inconceivable events in German history. An open competition selected American, Peter Eisenman as the winning architect, who proposed an expansive field of 2,711 stelae and the Ort, a supplementary information centre. The memorial is not only significant for its purposes of remembrance, but also represents the first national monument to the Holocaust to be constructed with financial and political support from the German Federal State. The location of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by some, as the site has no previous connotation with the Holocaust or Nazism, but instead was a former no-mans land in the death strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorative power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its placement lies within its integration into Berlins urban realm. The edge condition of the memorial presents a natural transition between the stelae and the pavement. The ground plane and first stelae sit flush to each other before gradually rising and recessing into two separate data that create a zone of uncertainty between. The memorial does not acknowledge the specificity of the site and the lack of central focus intends to reflect the ambient nature of victims and perpetrators in the city of Berlin. Within the stelae each visitor senses the memory of the victims somatically by experiencing feelings of claustrophobia, uneasiness and disorientation within the narrow walkways and scale of the monument. It was not Peter Eisenmans intention to emulate the restrictive condition of a death camp, but instead, to encourage the personal reflection of the individual in their role of carrying memory in the present. In this monument there is no goal, no end, no working ones way in or out. The duration of an individuals experience of it grants no further understanding, since understanding is impossible. The time of the monument, its duration from top surface to ground, is disjoined from the time of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the past, only the living memory of the individual experience. Here, we can only know the past through its manifestation in the present. In this sense, each visitor is invited to experience the absence created by the Holocaust and in turn, each feels and fills such a void. It cannot be argued that this corporeal engagement with absence is not potent; however, in most instances the feeling becomes ephemeral. Each visitor walks precariously around the memorial, pausing for thought and anticipating the next corner. They are forced to change pace and direction unwillingly and face the constant threat of collision at every turn and intersection of the towering stelae. It is this condition, in my opinion, that instills the feeling of threat and uneasiness into most visitors as opposed to the perceived connection between themselves and the victims. The memorial does not dedicate any space for gatherings of people and hence inhibits any ceremonial use in the act of memory. The collection of stelae is reminiscent of the cemeteries of Jewish ghettos in Europe where due to space constraints; tombstones are piled high and crowded together at different angles. Some visitors treat the memorial as a cemetery, walking slowly and silently, before stopping and layering flowers or candles at the side of a stele. The presence of these somber mourners and their objects of remembrance are one of the only indicators that clearly identify the stelae field as a memorial. However, the objects discarded at the memorial are always removed by the staff, suggesting the monument be experienced in its intended form; a relationship more akin to public art rather than that of a memorial. In Eisenmans opinion, the memorial is emblematic of a seemingly rigid and understandable system of law and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitor experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they once perceived as rational and negotiable from the outside. The project manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational grid, and its potential for dissolution in time. It suggests that when a supposedly rational and ordered system grows too large and out of proportion to its intended purpose, it in fact loses touch with human reason. It then begins to reveal the innate disturbances and potential for chaos in all systems of seeming order, the idea that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to fail. Through abstraction, the memorial attempts to acknowledge both the victims and perpetrators in a single, integrated form. The regular grid of the memorial and its deceptive portrayal of rationality acknowledge the perpetrators of the crime: the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble tombstones in a cemetery, granting the victims a marker for their life, a marker previously denied to them by a Nazi regime who aimed to erase all memory of their existence. Eisenmans memorial is concerned with how the past is manifested in the present. His interest lies not with the murdered Jews the memorial aims to commemorate, but instead, how the present-day visitor can relate to those victims. In this respect, the memorial permits remembrance displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote: The memory of the Holocaust can never be one of nostalgia. The Holocaust cannot be remembered in the nostalgic mode, as its horror forever ruptured the link between nostalgia and memory. The monument attempts to present a new idea of memory as distinct from nostalgia. The field of stelae does not present a nostalgic recollection of Jewish life before the holocaust; neither does it attempt to encapsulate the events of the genocide. Instead, the memorial connects with the visitor through a corporeal engagement that facilitates an individual response to memory. The stelae have the effect of creating a ghostly ambience as the sounds of the surrounding streets and city are deadened, exaggerating the visitors discomfort. However, the ambience is disturbed by the shouting, laughter and conversation of visitors lost in the stelae looking for one another. In marked contrast, the subterranean information centre has the effect of silencing its inhabitants. The exhibition provides a literal representation of the atrocities of the holocaust, didactically displaying the clothing, letters and personal belongings of a handful of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a place of information so that the stelae field would become the exclusive and definitive experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion. It is my opinion that The Ort or information centre has become the significant place of memory and commemoration despite being simultaneously downplayed by the architect and German state. The small building is located underground and accessed via a narrow staircase amongst the stelae. As with the memorial as a whole, there is no acknowledgement of its existence or function, and as a result must be discovered through wandering. It performs commemoration far more successfully than the stelae field by generating an emotional response from the visitor. In the exhibition, the distress of the visitor is apparent as they walk around solemnly, the reality of the holocaust becoming perceptible. The acoustic presence of crying and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shouting in the stelae above. The exhibition features spaces where the biographies of victims are made audible, explaining the sequence of events that led to their deaths. In these rooms the smallest details of the victim s forgotten lives are told in a sonorous voice which immediately gives substance to the individual and collective loss. The visitors trauma is perceptible here as the inconceivable statistics are not portrayed as abstract representations, but instead are literal and personified. It is the only section of the memorial where the holocaust is explicitly present; where visitors are not removed from the horrors but instead confronted with them. At street level, the memorial has no signs or indicators to its purpose and the stelae present no carving or inscription. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of making the memorial a relaxed and convenient place to be. The monument has transcended the theory that memorials command respect by their mere existence, with the site becoming a part of everyday life for Berliners as a place of leisure. Many stumble on the memorial as an empty maze, a childrens playground where people walk across the stelae, jumping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an instinct to show respect and a desire to satisfy a spontaneous need to play. The memorials ambition is to enable every visitor to reach their own conclusion and ascertain an individual experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a detachment between the individual and the memorials primary function of commemoration. The theor etical narrative of the stelae field is an extremely complex and powerful idea, however the ambiguous, abstracted design fails to allow the visitor to truly relate to the victims or gain an understanding of the atrocities of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its singularity, the abstract stelae field fails to commemorate, instead being dependant on the didactic approach of the information centre to allow the visitor to relate to the holocaust and its victims. When appraising the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote: It has become increasingly apparent that no design for a Berlin memorial to remember the millions of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will ever prove adequate to the immense symbolic weight it must carry, as numerous designs have been considered and discarded. Perhaps the best course at this point would be to leave the site of the proposed memorial at the heart of Berlin and of Germany empty Perhaps this approach would have ultimately become more pertinent. How does one design a monument in memory of an event so inconceivable that in some way doesnt have the adverse affect of making it more palatable? Perhaps, as Archigram often insisted, the solution may not be a building. The absence of a memorial delegates the responsibility of commemoration to the individual who as bearers of memory, come to symbolise the absent monument. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe is an intriguing and unique perspective on cognitive memory that undoubtedly has advanced the development of the antimonument, setting a new precedent in memorial architecture. However, the memorials effectiveness is fundamentally undermined by the assumption that all visitors are aware, and will continue to be aware of the specific events of the holocaust. For example, how will a second or third generations interpretation differ from that of a survivor who visits the memorial today? Its abstracted, ambiguous form fails to contextualize the memorial without the accompaniment of explicit, literal representations presented separately within the Information Centre. It is for this reason that the memorial seemingly becomes a victim of its own impossibility. Bibliography: Rauterberg, Hanno. Holocaust Memorial Berlin. (Lars Muller Publishers) 2005. Young, James E. The Art of Memory: Holocaust Memorials in History. (Prestel) 1994. Heathcote, Edwin. Monument Builders: Modern Architecture and Death. (Academy Editions) 1999. Williams, Paul. Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities. (Berg) 2007. Young, James E. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. (New Haven) 1993. Boym, Svetlana. The Future of Nostalgia. (Basic Books) 2001. Sion, Brigitte. Experience and Remembrance at Berlin. (New York) 2007. Choay, Francoise. The Invention of the Historic Monument. (Cambridge University Press) 2001. Eisenman, Peter. Notations of Affect. An Architecture of memory (Pathos, Affekt, Gefà ¼hl) 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/germans/memorial/eisenman.html Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Project Text. 2005. Photographs: Magnuson, Eric. Pathways. (http://www.flickr.com/photos/esm723/3754775324) 2009. Ndesh. Platform Games. (http://www.flickr.com/photos/ndesh/3754009233/in/photostream)2009. Ward, Matt. Flowers. (http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattward/3472587863) 2009.

Spanish Settlement of the West :: European Europe History

Spanish Settlement of the West International borders have always been centers of conflict, and the U.S.-Mexican border is no exception. With the European colonizing the New World, it was a matter of time before the powers collided. The Spanish settled what is today Mexico, while the English settled what is to day the United States. When the two colonial powers did meet what is today the United States' Southwest, it was not England and Spain. Rather the two powers were the United States and Mexico. Both Counties had broken off from their mother countries. The conflict that erupted between the two countries where a direct result of different nation policies. The United States had a policy of westward expansion, while Mexico had a policy of self protection. The Americans never had a written policy of expansion. What they had was the idea of "Manifest Destiny." Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States had the right to expand westward to the Pacific ocean. On the other hand, Mexico was a new country wanti ng to protect itself from outside powers. Evidence of U.S. expansion is seen with the independence of Texas from Mexico. The strongest evidence of U.S. expansion goals is with the Mexican-American War. From the beginning, the war was conceived as an opportunity for land expansion. Mexico feared the United States expansion goals. During the 16th century, the Spanish began to settle the region. The Spanish had all ready conquered and settled Central Mexico. Now they wanted to expand their land holdings north. The first expedition into the region, that is today the United States Southwest, was with Corando. Corando reported a region rich in resources, soon after people started to settle the region. The driving force behind the settlement was silver in the region. The Spanish settled the region through three major corridors; central, western and eastern. The first settlements were mainly through the central corridor. The Spanish went thorough what is now the modern Mexican state of Chihuahua into the U.S. state of New Mexico. Eventually the Spanish established the city of Santa Fe in 1689. The eastern corridor was through modern day Texas and led to the establishment of San Antonio. The eastern expansion was caused by the French expansion into modern day Louisiana. The Spanish crown wanted a buffer between the French in Louisiana and central Mexico. The last corridor of expansion was in the